KOZLOWSKI Surname Meaning and Origin

KOZLOWSKI Surname Meaning and Origin The Polish family name Kozlowski is commonly viewed as a geological last name, presented to an individual initially from a spot named Kozlow, Kozlowo, or something comparable, from the root koziol, which means he-goat. Kozå‚owski is the twelfth most basic family name in Poland. Kozå‚owska, theâ feminine rendition of the family name, is the twelfth most normal last name among females. Last name Origin: Polish Substitute Surname Spellings: KOZLOWSKI, KOZLOWICZ, KOZLOWICZ, KOZLOW, KOZLOW, KOZLOWSKA Where do People With the Surname KOZLOWSKI Live? As indicated by WorldNames publicprofiler, people with the Kozlowski last name are found in the best numbers in Poland, trailed by the United States, Australia and Germany The best grouping of people named Kozlowski are found in northern and focal Poland, particularly the voivodeships (provinces)â of Podlaski, Warminsko-Marzurskie, Kujawsko-Pomorskie, Mazowieckie and Wielkopolskie. The Polish-explicit family name appropriation map onâ moikrewni.pl figures the populace dispersion of last names down to the region level, recognizing more than 34,000 individuals with the Kozlowski last name living in Poland, with the dominant part found in Ã… Ã£ ³dÃ¥ º, trailed by Bialystok, Poznaå„, Wrocå‚aw, Gdaå„sk, Bydgoszcz, Krakã ³w and Szczecin. Renowned People With the Surname KOZLOWSKI Leon Kozå‚owski: Polish paleontologist and lawmaker; Prime Minister of Poland 1934â€1935Maciej Kozlowski: Polish actorGlen Kozlowski: previous NFL wide beneficiary for the Chicago Bears Lineage Resources for the Surname KOZLOWSKI Kozlowski Family Genealogy Forum: Search this famous parentage gathering for the Kozlowski last name to discover other people who may be investigating your predecessors, or post your own Kozlowski family name query.FamilySearch - KOZLOWSKI Genealogy: Access more than 144,000 free authentic records and heredity connected family trees posted for the Kozlowski last name and its minor departure from this free lineage site facilitated by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.Polish Genealogy Databases Online: Search for data on Kozlowski precursors in this assortment of Polish ancestry databases and lists from Poland, the United States and different nations. Assets and Further Reading Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1967.Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Bergenfield, NJ: Avotaynu, 2005.Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Bergenfield, NJ: Avotaynu, 2004.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Word reference of American Family Names. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.Hoffman, William F. Clean Surnames: Origins and Meanings. Chicago: Polish Genealogical Society, 1993.Rymut, Kazimierz. Nazwiska Polakow. Wroclaw: Zaklad Narodowy im. Ossolinskich - Wydawnictwo, 1991.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Social psychology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social brain research - Research Paper Example Under social direction, inquire about shows that social brain science fundamentally turns around our way of life and the way of life of the people who live around us. A person’s conduct will be influenced by the way of life where the individual in question lives. This clarifies why individuals change their method of dressing, food and convictions when they are in an alternate culture. Besides, Social Psychology is wide in its extension and incorporates a wide scope of thoughts. Researchers survey that the point investigates social impacts as well as social recognitions and connection, authority, animosity, and nonverbal conduct. Third trademark is that social brain science applies logical techniques and ideas. So as to evaluate the conduct of individuals all the more precisely, clinicians apply logical strategies, for example, look into methods and methodology. Speculation tests are additionally led based on logical guidelines. At last, social brain science for the most part i ncludes the investigating of profound degrees of astuteness and information. It applies astuteness and information to create thoughts and take care of issues. Situationism is an idea in brain research which clarifies people’s conduct as being affected by their flow circumstances. Circumstances for this situation are separated into two: outside circumstances and inner circumstances. Outside circumstances allude to elements, for example, budgetary issues, loved ones, and the general natural issues. Inside elements, then again, allude to persuasive components and the general character of an individual. Fiske underlines that the social circumstance will particularly have an exceptionally large effect on a person’s conduct. A great many people will act as indicated by the requests of the circumstance that is confronting them as of now. Situationism assumes a huge job in the field of social brain science. Sociologists have depended on the aftereffects of situationism to asse ss the conduct and responses of various people. With situationism likewise, social brain research acquires its root and establishment of affirming that people’s emotions, considerations and practices are influenced by their encompassing circumstances. The two analysts and sociologists have hence selected to utilize situationism in clarifying the conduct of people, as opposed to utilizing character attributes of an individual (Fiske, 2009). This is on the grounds that, while situationism envelops both outside and inward factors, character will just utilize the interior elements. In evaluating the manner by which an individual fits in a circumstance, social clinicians have concocted the five center social thought processes. These include: having a place, understanding, controlling, self-upgrading and confiding in others. Under the thought process of having a place, Fiske clarifies that individuals are persuaded by the feeling of having a place that they get by relating and hold ing with others. What's more, inquire about shows that each person is glad to find that they can fit in when put in a specific social class. So as to have a place, an individual must have the option to comprehend and grasp their surroundings. This incorporates both the social and the physical situations. This is particularly significant in helping the person to comprehend the encompassing circumstances and thusly, have the option to settle on the correct choices (Fiske, 2009). Controlling is a center social thought process that chiefly propels individuals to take part in working of the general public, both monetarily and socially. Each individual needs to feel significant

5 Things That Will Impress a New Boss

5 Things That Will Impress a New Boss How to Impress a New Boss Without Overdoing it How to Impress a New Boss Without Overdoing it Congratulations, you’ve made it! You landed your first job in the working world and are ready to take your new career by storm. Now, it’s time to ace your first few weeks of work and make the perfect impression on your new boss, and even some of your new coworkers. However, this can be intimidating if you’re just starting out on a new career path. If this is your first real gig, there are a few things you should know that can really make a difference and help you make the right impression on not only your boss, but your new coworkers and clients as well. Here are some tricks to try out that will impress your new boss and help confirm to them that they made the right choice in hiring you. 1. Ask Your New Boss a Lot of Questions Don’t be afraid to ask a lot of questions during your first term in the new job. This shows that you are interested in learning everything you can. You may feel that asking too many questions might annoy your new coworkers, but rest assured they aren’t thinking like that. This also helps you be proactive in problem solving in case there are any issues that come up in the future. 2. Be Yourself When starting a new job, it’s tempting to try to fit in by adapting to your coworkers’ personalities. However, as LinkedIn influencer Brad Smith points out, your employer would not have hired you if they didn’t like who you were and had faith that you were the right fit. So stop worrying, be the amazing person you are, and your coworkers will love you. 3. Don’t Try to be Perfect As a new hire, especially someone entering the working world, you aren’t expected to know everything. In fact, the more you pretend to know everything, the more people will expect from you, which makes it easy to overextend yourself. Mistakes are how you learn, and you can only get better as time goes on. 4. Figure Out the “Unwritten Rules” Sure, every office has its company policies, but there are always those unwritten rules that you have to learn as you go. Jenna Goudreau, of Business Insider, suggests that one of the first things you should do in your new office is learn where the coffee is. This will lead to figuring out the office routines, such as who is responsible for doing the dishes or cleaning up at the end of the day. It will also help you make new friends as you gather around the machine for your daily cup of java. 5. Consider This a Fresh Start This is your fresh start. It doesn’t matter what time of year it is. It’s time to get organized, be proactive, set goals, and stick to them. Do whatever it takes to stay on track for the rest of the year and ace your new role. Get Help With Your Professional Career From cover letters to resume/CV writing, our professional writers are ready to help you land the career you’ve always dreamed about. They are experts in writing professional documents and know exactly what potential employers are going to look for. We’ll help you get everything you need to land that job interview, where we know you’re going to do a great job! Order your professional documents now to get ahead and start your foray into the working world. References Goudreau, J. (2013). 9 things to do in the first week of a new job. Business Insider. Retrieved from 9-things-to-do-in-the-first-week-of-a-new-job-2013-8. Smith, B. (2014). Three tips to hit the ground running at your new job. LinkedIn. Retrieved from . 5 Things That Will Impress a New Boss How to Impress a New Boss Without Overdoing it How to Impress a New Boss Without Overdoing it Congratulations, you’ve made it! You landed your first job in the working world and are ready to take your new career by storm. Now, it’s time to ace your first few weeks of work and make the perfect impression on your new boss, and even some of your new coworkers. However, this can be intimidating if you’re just starting out on a new career path. If this is your first real gig, there are a few things you should know that can really make a difference and help you make the right impression on not only your boss, but your new coworkers and clients as well. Here are some tricks to try out that will impress your new boss and help confirm to them that they made the right choice in hiring you. 1. Ask Your New Boss a Lot of Questions Don’t be afraid to ask a lot of questions during your first term in the new job. This shows that you are interested in learning everything you can. You may feel that asking too many questions might annoy your new coworkers, but rest assured they aren’t thinking like that. This also helps you be proactive in problem solving in case there are any issues that come up in the future. 2. Be Yourself When starting a new job, it’s tempting to try to fit in by adapting to your coworkers’ personalities. However, as LinkedIn influencer Brad Smith points out, your employer would not have hired you if they didn’t like who you were and had faith that you were the right fit. So stop worrying, be the amazing person you are, and your coworkers will love you. 3. Don’t Try to be Perfect As a new hire, especially someone entering the working world, you aren’t expected to know everything. In fact, the more you pretend to know everything, the more people will expect from you, which makes it easy to overextend yourself. Mistakes are how you learn, and you can only get better as time goes on. 4. Figure Out the “Unwritten Rules” Sure, every office has its company policies, but there are always those unwritten rules that you have to learn as you go. Jenna Goudreau, of Business Insider, suggests that one of the first things you should do in your new office is learn where the coffee is. This will lead to figuring out the office routines, such as who is responsible for doing the dishes or cleaning up at the end of the day. It will also help you make new friends as you gather around the machine for your daily cup of java. 5. Consider This a Fresh Start This is your fresh start. It doesn’t matter what time of year it is. It’s time to get organized, be proactive, set goals, and stick to them. Do whatever it takes to stay on track for the rest of the year and ace your new role. Get Help With Your Professional Career From cover letters to resume/CV writing, our professional writers are ready to help you land the career you’ve always dreamed about. They are experts in writing professional documents and know exactly what potential employers are going to look for. We’ll help you get everything you need to land that job interview, where we know you’re going to do a great job! Order your professional documents now to get ahead and start your foray into the working world. References Goudreau, J. (2013). 9 things to do in the first week of a new job. Business Insider. Retrieved from 9-things-to-do-in-the-first-week-of-a-new-job-2013-8. Smith, B. (2014). Three tips to hit the ground running at your new job. LinkedIn. Retrieved from .

5 Things That Will Impress a New Boss

5 Things That Will Impress a New Boss How to Impress a New Boss Without Overdoing it How to Impress a New Boss Without Overdoing it Congratulations, you’ve made it! You landed your first job in the working world and are ready to take your new career by storm. Now, it’s time to ace your first few weeks of work and make the perfect impression on your new boss, and even some of your new coworkers. However, this can be intimidating if you’re just starting out on a new career path. If this is your first real gig, there are a few things you should know that can really make a difference and help you make the right impression on not only your boss, but your new coworkers and clients as well. Here are some tricks to try out that will impress your new boss and help confirm to them that they made the right choice in hiring you. 1. Ask Your New Boss a Lot of Questions Don’t be afraid to ask a lot of questions during your first term in the new job. This shows that you are interested in learning everything you can. You may feel that asking too many questions might annoy your new coworkers, but rest assured they aren’t thinking like that. This also helps you be proactive in problem solving in case there are any issues that come up in the future. 2. Be Yourself When starting a new job, it’s tempting to try to fit in by adapting to your coworkers’ personalities. However, as LinkedIn influencer Brad Smith points out, your employer would not have hired you if they didn’t like who you were and had faith that you were the right fit. So stop worrying, be the amazing person you are, and your coworkers will love you. 3. Don’t Try to be Perfect As a new hire, especially someone entering the working world, you aren’t expected to know everything. In fact, the more you pretend to know everything, the more people will expect from you, which makes it easy to overextend yourself. Mistakes are how you learn, and you can only get better as time goes on. 4. Figure Out the “Unwritten Rules” Sure, every office has its company policies, but there are always those unwritten rules that you have to learn as you go. Jenna Goudreau, of Business Insider, suggests that one of the first things you should do in your new office is learn where the coffee is. This will lead to figuring out the office routines, such as who is responsible for doing the dishes or cleaning up at the end of the day. It will also help you make new friends as you gather around the machine for your daily cup of java. 5. Consider This a Fresh Start This is your fresh start. It doesn’t matter what time of year it is. It’s time to get organized, be proactive, set goals, and stick to them. Do whatever it takes to stay on track for the rest of the year and ace your new role. Get Help With Your Professional Career From cover letters to resume/CV writing, our professional writers are ready to help you land the career you’ve always dreamed about. They are experts in writing professional documents and know exactly what potential employers are going to look for. We’ll help you get everything you need to land that job interview, where we know you’re going to do a great job! Order your professional documents now to get ahead and start your foray into the working world. References Goudreau, J. (2013). 9 things to do in the first week of a new job. Business Insider. Retrieved from 9-things-to-do-in-the-first-week-of-a-new-job-2013-8. Smith, B. (2014). Three tips to hit the ground running at your new job. LinkedIn. Retrieved from . 5 Things That Will Impress a New Boss How to Impress a New Boss Without Overdoing it How to Impress a New Boss Without Overdoing it Congratulations, you’ve made it! You landed your first job in the working world and are ready to take your new career by storm. Now, it’s time to ace your first few weeks of work and make the perfect impression on your new boss, and even some of your new coworkers. However, this can be intimidating if you’re just starting out on a new career path. If this is your first real gig, there are a few things you should know that can really make a difference and help you make the right impression on not only your boss, but your new coworkers and clients as well. Here are some tricks to try out that will impress your new boss and help confirm to them that they made the right choice in hiring you. 1. Ask Your New Boss a Lot of Questions Don’t be afraid to ask a lot of questions during your first term in the new job. This shows that you are interested in learning everything you can. You may feel that asking too many questions might annoy your new coworkers, but rest assured they aren’t thinking like that. This also helps you be proactive in problem solving in case there are any issues that come up in the future. 2. Be Yourself When starting a new job, it’s tempting to try to fit in by adapting to your coworkers’ personalities. However, as LinkedIn influencer Brad Smith points out, your employer would not have hired you if they didn’t like who you were and had faith that you were the right fit. So stop worrying, be the amazing person you are, and your coworkers will love you. 3. Don’t Try to be Perfect As a new hire, especially someone entering the working world, you aren’t expected to know everything. In fact, the more you pretend to know everything, the more people will expect from you, which makes it easy to overextend yourself. Mistakes are how you learn, and you can only get better as time goes on. 4. Figure Out the “Unwritten Rules” Sure, every office has its company policies, but there are always those unwritten rules that you have to learn as you go. Jenna Goudreau, of Business Insider, suggests that one of the first things you should do in your new office is learn where the coffee is. This will lead to figuring out the office routines, such as who is responsible for doing the dishes or cleaning up at the end of the day. It will also help you make new friends as you gather around the machine for your daily cup of java. 5. Consider This a Fresh Start This is your fresh start. It doesn’t matter what time of year it is. It’s time to get organized, be proactive, set goals, and stick to them. Do whatever it takes to stay on track for the rest of the year and ace your new role. Get Help With Your Professional Career From cover letters to resume/CV writing, our professional writers are ready to help you land the career you’ve always dreamed about. They are experts in writing professional documents and know exactly what potential employers are going to look for. We’ll help you get everything you need to land that job interview, where we know you’re going to do a great job! Order your professional documents now to get ahead and start your foray into the working world. References Goudreau, J. (2013). 9 things to do in the first week of a new job. Business Insider. Retrieved from 9-things-to-do-in-the-first-week-of-a-new-job-2013-8. Smith, B. (2014). Three tips to hit the ground running at your new job. LinkedIn. Retrieved from .

Livingstone College Admissions SAT Scores, Admit Rate

Information Technology and Process Technology of Malaysia...

1.0 INTRODUCTION | In this rapidly changing world, people are relying very much on airline companies to support both their personal and professional activities. Therefore, as people demand the great speed transportation, the airline companies have to challenge themselves in providing the best products and services to meet the needs and wants of the customers. In the airline industry, the efficiency is a vital component to run the business; it thus should be achieved by investing in new and advanced technologies that can steadily support the company in running and operating its business. One of the airline companies that recognize this value is Malaysia Airlines; it has consistently embraced the advancements of technology to develop its†¦show more content†¦The focus on quality of customer service can be obviously seen from its new branding strategy slogan â€Å"MH is Malaysian Hospitality† which is intended to bring to its customers, not merely the hospitality of Malaysia Airlines, but also the Hospitality of Malaysia (Kam, 2008). Malaysia airlines currently use a combination of Airbus and Boeing fleets in operating its flight services, namely A380, A330-200, A330-300, B737-400, B737-800, B777-200ER, and B747-200, equipped with the state-of-the-art ‘Select’ in-flight entertainment system to keep the passengers entertained and engaged throughout the flight. On the other hand, passengers with special needs and assistance such as walking disabilities, sight disabilities, medical clearance, and special meal requests are also taken upmost care onboard all Malaysia Airlines flights provided with early information or request with the reservation staffs upon ticket reservation. Travel insurance is another product that is offered by Malaysia Airlines, it is meant to provide customers with coverage over cancellation, medical, baggage and other things. Thus, in order to ensure that all customers enjoy the benefits of the insurance, it segments them into three categories of travellers, domestic traveller, international traveller and annual traveller (Malaysia Airlines, 2012). Besides that, a total of 14 airports lounges namely ‘Golden Lounge’ scattered strategically throughout the world, is available forShow MoreRelatedE-Commerce Strategies for Airasia1576 Words   |  7 PagesE-COMMERCE STRATEGIES Low cost per average seat kilometer AirAsia focused on ensuring a competitive cost structure as its main business strategy. It has been able to achieve a cost per average seat kilometer (ASK) of 2.5 cents, half that of Malaysia Airlines and Ryanair and a third that of EasyJet. AirAsia can lease the B737-300s aircraft at a very competitive market rates due to the harsh global market conditions for the second-hand aircrafts because of the September 11th event in 2001. Low distributionRead MoreThe Strategy Of Airasia X1236 Words   |  5 PagesProblem Statement In 2001, AirAsia was founded by Tony Fernandes. After six years, Fernandes realized the company should create a airline separated from AirAsia to focus on the low cost long-haul market which he called AirAsia X. Azran Osman-Rani was appointed to the become the CEO of the newly established company. The company had an initial success by being the first mover. However, there were some problems that they had to face along the way as they were in a completely new market using an untriedRead MoreWhy Should We Prevent Hackers From Infiltrating A Computer Systems On Aircraft783 Words   |  4 PagesCybersecurity is defined by the National Initiative for Cybersecurity Careers and Studies (NICCS) as being â€Å"The activity or process, ability or capability, or state whereby information and communications systems and the information contained therein are protected from and/or defended against damage, unauthorized use or modification, or exploitation† (Department of Homeland Security, 2 015). Cyberjacking an aircraft has become the most threatening issue within the realm of cybersecurity. CyberjackingRead MoreKnowing Why Airplanes Crash Is Important Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesThere are technologies being discussed to improve crash location technologies. They are improvements to the ULB battery life, an additional low frequency ULB. Another technology is ADS-B which monitors aircraft position. Crash deployable flight recorders are also being considered as well as streaming flight data via a satellite. Let’s us take a closer look at each technology. There are several improvements to ULB technology in progress. ULB Battery Life is in the process of being extendedRead MoreSituational Analysis of Singapore Airlines2148 Words   |  9 PagesINTRODUCTION The history of Singapore Airlines dates back to 1 May 1947, when the first scheduled flight of Malaysian Airlines took off from Singapore and then landed in Penang. It was on 16 September 1963, the Federation of Malaysia was born and the Airline became known as Malaysian Airways. In May 1966, it became Malaysia-Singapore Airlines. However in 1972, Malaysia-Singapore Airlines split up to become two entities - Singapore Airlines (SIA) and Malaysian Airline System (MAS). The â€Å"Singapore Girl†Read MorePest Analysis (Air Asia)1774 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction PEST Analysis is the Political, Economic, Social culture and Technology analysis that a company does to determine the overall business environment. A PEST analysis is a look at the external environment of a company or a business that plays an important role in managing and decision making of a company. It is crucial for a company to consider its environment before relating with the public or customers. The PEST analysis examines the impact of each of the factor on the company. ThusRead MoreAir Asia Operational Information Management in Strategy and Operations2785 Words   |  12 PagesOperational Information Management in Strategy and Operations: A Case of Air Asia to venture into Regional and International Markets 1.0 Introduction This study was intended to analyze the electronic marketing strategy on a selected budget airline based in Malaysia, Air Asia which aims to identify its potential future market segments. The study also explore on how current information systems strategy a dopted by the Air Asia, in which could help the company to strengthen its position as a leadingRead MoreAir Asia Company Analysis3169 Words   |  13 PagesCompany Dato’ Tony Fernandez was the entrepreneur that brought up AirAsia to be the one of the award wining the largest low fare airlines that is currently well known for now in Asia. Since then it has been flying to over 61 domestic and international destination with 108 routes, and furthermore it operates over 400 flights daily from hubs that are basically located in Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia. Today if we look at their progress, AirAsia has flows over 55million guests across the region and continuesRead MoreAirasia Swot Analysis2726 Words   |  11 Pages(Policy) †¢ Partner with other low cost airlines like Virgin (Linkages) †¢ Growing Asian middle-class population (over 700 million) †¢ High fuel prices will squeeze out unprofitable competitors †¢ Emerging markets and expansion abroad (Capacity Utilization) THREATS †¢ Low Cost Carriers †¢ Low demand and increase costs after 911 †¢ Bad economy †¢ Government Regulations CONFRONTATION †¢ New technology (Learning Curve) †¢ Lower cost competitors †¢ Full service airlines start cut costs to compete †¢ PriceRead MoreWorld s Economic Center Of Gravity Moves Towards Asia2096 Words   |  9 Pagescompany is Air Asia Group, a Malaysia based low-cost airline that has successfully strategized its business model (Exhibit 1) and operates domestic as well as international services to over 100 destinations within 22 countries. Air Asia has reinvigorated the airline industry by working on its pricing strategy, targeting the right consumer market and creating complementary business opportunities that can be huge. Conjoining these three attributes has assisted the airline group to remodel its business

Things You Wont Like About Psychology Topics for Essay and Things You Will

Things You Won't Like About Psychology Topics for Essay and Things You Will Using Psychology Topics for Essay Basically, Piaget found the maturation of the child to be such a complicated undertaking that even the categories he devised needed to be further refine when putting all the info into context. For instance, topics include the effect of exercise on mental well-being, how to increase compliance to an exercise program, and the usage of music for motivation during exercise. Other research has centered on the use of visualization strategies to improve skills and decrease performance anxiety. It's possible for you to explore an extremely wide array of topics like language acquisition, attachment theories, or critical amounts of development. Deciding what things to write about is among the most significant steps of the procedure. Don't make the error of writing all of the info you know regarding a specific topic. When you search for assistance from a dependable source, you guard yourself from plenty of problems. What Does Psychology Topics for Essay Mean? Following are a few examples prompts and some advice on how to compose an essay during your exam. Another tip isn't to pick a topic which has been discussed from A to Z. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics since you need opposing points that you could counter to your own points. You don't need to acquire super technical with legal argumentative essays, but make sure to do your homework on what the present laws about your favorite topic actually say. As you start trying to find psychology essay topic ideas, the very first thing which you should think about is the guidelines for your essay given by your instructor. The very first step in trying to find a superb dissertation topic on psychology is to dedicate a little time and research for a topic one is acquainted with. The key to selecting an excellent topic for your psychology paper is quite easy. Inspiration to make your own advertising or media argumentative essay topics isn't challenging to discover. The previous matter to share is a familiar psychology essay topics list. Make certain there are enough online sources on the subject you've chosen. In addition, a favorite topic will ensure it is harder for you to think of fresh and valuable ideas. Choosing Good Psychology Topics for Essay Once you brainstorm potential paper ideas, it is logical to do a literature review in order to find out more about the analysis area. If you're discussing a theory or research study make certain you cite the origin of the info. The next time you're searching for a research topic for your studies and would love to concentrate on health psychology, think about the suggestions that follow. In addition, you can observe various topics for your research paper on the website! AP Psychology exam questions usually incorporate the exact same type of structure. It is the most crucial disciplin e which supports other disciplines as well. How psychology is imparting a vital function to analyze the personality of somebody in interview. Well, with us you can find the type of essay you want at an inexpensive price. Still, once every so often, you might require a quick turnaround for your essay. Needless to say, appropriate research is to be accomplished ahead of essay drafting phase. All students needs to compose assignments writing skill is essential for a student there are lots of on-line essay writing services today which can be utilized for the. The 30-Second Trick for Psychology Topics for Essay In such a scenario, a psychology essay example might be really valuable. Whether you're fighting with IB psychology extended essay topics or any other kind of psychology writing task, you can employ an expert here to aid you. Usually, students tend toward studying only secondary sources when they prepare to compose an essay. There are various styles a student can decide to compose their psychology essay. Since there are lots of distinct regions of health science, the kinds of careers are equally as numerous. Crafting a topic in psychology is hard, particularly when it comes to writing about children. Scientists have also investigated the effect of particular exercise programs on health and the management of certain conditions including fibromyalgia. Luckily, there are tons of great places to seek out inspiration and the subsequent list contains only a few suggestions to help get you started. Less stress in our everyday lives will play a massive role in staying healthy. Prior to beginning, make certain that the topic you're interested in is in keeping with the particular assignment. When you're picking your topic, remember that it's much simpler to write about something which you currently have interest ineven in case you don't know a great deal about it.

Arguments Against Chinua Acebes An Image of Africa Racism in Conrads Heart of Darkness free essay sample

Literature and Composition 6 March 2013 An Image of Africa: Not Racism in Conrad’s ‘Heart of Darkness’ People of dark skin have been wrongly discriminated against by racists for hundreds of years. From the first time Europeans stepped onto Africa and deemed black skin inferior till now, black people have been fighting for the right to be called equal. During the last century Africans have made great strides in fighting against racism. Many black leaders have risen up and confronted those racist against them. However, there are also times when people have gotten up in arms and have attacked others over misunderstandings. An example of this is Chinua Achebe’s essay â€Å"An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad’s ‘Heart of Darkness,’† in which he attacks Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. In his essay, Achebe presents several reasons as to why Conrad is racist in his novel and why Conrad is a racist himself. Although Achebe is a celebrated author and is called the â€Å"father of African literature,† his reasons for calling Conrad and his book racist are unjust and flawed. Although his essay is titled, â€Å"Racism in Conrad’s ‘Heart of Darkness,’† Achebe sets out to prove that both Conrad and his book are full of racism. To do this he opens his essay by stating that Heart of Darkness creates an image of Africa as the opposite of civilization; the opposite of Europe. Afterward, he makes several points to prove Conrad’s racism. Achebe heavily criticizes Conrad’s diction and questions the use of certain words. He states that Conrad enjoyed things that stayed in their place, implying that Conrad wanted black people to â€Å"stay in their place† under the white man. He says that because the main character, Marlow, is racist, Conrad is racist. He chastises Conrad’s depiction of the continent even though he has been there himself. Achebe even brings in different sources to prove Conrad’s racism, managing to use quotes from the missionary Albert Schweitzer to support his argument. Although the amount of evidence Achebe has is plentiful, many of his assertions are exaggerated, extreme, and just incorrect. Many of his arguments have one of two things wrong about them; he either has faulty logic or fails to take into consideration crucial factors that happen to contradict his ideas. Throughout his essay, Achebe continually presents ideas that have numerous flaws and can be very easily argued against. One of Achebe’s main ideas behind his essay is the idea that Marlow’s and Conrad’s thoughts and racisms are one in the same. He believes that Conrad’s attempt to distance the ideologies of Marlow and himself through the use of two narrators is â€Å"totally wasted because he neglects to hint however subtly or tentatively at an alternative frame of reference by which we may judge the actions and opinions of his characters† (Achebe 5). It is a good thing Achebe did not pursue a career in law because he has deemed a man guilty on the charge that he has not declared himself innocent. Simply put, Achebe believes that because Conrad has not given another source from where his character’s opinions could have come from, those opinions must have come from his frame of reference. Achebe is simply jumping to conclusions without proper evidence. He does this several more times while making a lengthy argument about how Conrad’s depiction of Africa is racist. When Conrad describes Africa Achebe argues that he makes it far too primordial than it should be. He supports this idea by presenting an event that happened shortly after Conrad wrote his book. An event in which a European man is given a mask by a native, who then shows the mask to Europe’s top artists. Achebe then says, â€Å"The event [†¦] marks the beginning of cubism and the infusion of new life into European art [†¦. ] The point of all this is to suggest that Conrad’s picture of the people of Congo seems grossly inadequate† (8). This is another example of Achebe jumping to conclusions. While fine art is a symbol of refinement and sophistication in Western countries, the same cannot be said about Africa. The art of one tribe does not make all of Africa more civilized and refined if other tribes continue to cannibalize each other. It makes no sense for Achebe to stretch his information so far to come to this conclusion. It also makes no sense for Achebe to question Conrad’s description of the continent while Conrad has made the trip into the country. Achebe says, â€Å"I will not accept just any traveler’s tales solely on the grounds that I have not made the journey myself† (7). Achebe has never been to the Congo like Conrad has, yet he has the audacity to question what Conrad witnessed there while Achebe’s father was a baby. Achebe accuses Conrad of depicting Africa incorrectly without having ever having stepped foot into the continent, which makes him even more clueless to the Africa of Conrad’s age. He declares that Conrad of making Africans seem more savage than they actually were, while unable to even imagine how they were so long ago. Achebe charges Conrad with racism and ignorance while completely dismissing his own. Although Achebe is a celebrated author, at many points during this essay his arguments are weak, even pathetic because of the irrational conclusions that he comes to. This gives a preview to the carelessness of his essay that becomes evident upon further inspection. In his essay Achebe seems to forget to (or chooses not to) discuss many factors that go against his argument. He states that Conrad enjoys things that stay in their place. Achebe believes that the African’s proper place is found when Conrad writes about Kurtz’s African mistress. He says, â€Å"She was a savage and superb, wild-eyed and magnificent [†¦] She stood looking at us without a stir and like the wilderness itself, with an air of brooding over an inscrutable purpose† (142). According to Achebe, Conrad believes that the African’s place is one that is wild and close enough to look at from â€Å"civilization† but distant enough to be separated well. Thus, Achebe implies that Conrad wants Africans to stay in their proper place, where the wildness is far from the Europeans. However, this argument is invalid when considering how Marlow feels about Kurtz. Marlow is unsure about how to feel about Kurtz, but he certainly does not hate Kurtz and has decided to side with Kurtz at the end of the book, so it can be assumed Kurtz is closer to Marlow’s good side than not. However, Marlow describes Kurtz as having no place. He says, â€Å"There was nothing either above or below him, and I knew it. He had kicked himself loose of the earth† (149). Marlow says this because he knows Kurtz is between Europe and Africa. Kurtz has no real place in the world, but Marlow has sided with him. Since Achebe has equated Marlow’s thoughts to Conrad’s, Marlow should hate Kurtz, but he does not. Thus, when Kurtz is taken in as a factor this argument is null and void, much like when Achebe attempts to compare Albert Schweitzer to Conrad. Achebe writes, â€Å"Albert Schweitzer, who sacrificed brilliant careers in music and theology in Europe for a life of service to Africans in much the same area as Conrad writes about, epitomizes ambivalence. In a comment which has often been quoted, Schweitzer says, ‘The African is indeed my brother but my junior brother’† (5). He then continues to criticize Conrad for only go as far to call the African his kin, not his brother. By the standard of Achebe’s day this sentiment could most definitely be considered racist; however, Achebe fails to take into account the simple fact that the standards of his day cannot be applied to Conrad. Conrad is from a much different time, where white men were raised to believe that black men were under them. For him to consider them kin is already a radical thought. Achebe seems to want to ignore the fact that he is criticizing a book written seventy years prior, as he makes this mistake once again. Achebe quotes Conrad’s account of his first encounter with a black man. Achebe writes: â€Å"A certain enormous buck nigger encountered in Haiti fixed my conception of blind, furious, unreasoning rage, as manifested in the human animal to the end of my days. Of the nigger I used to dream for years afterward. † Certainly Conrad had a problem with niggers. His inordinate love of the word itself should be of interest to psychoanalysts. (6) In this excerpt Conrad speaks of only one black man, not of all men of the color, thus it is wrong to assume that he has a problem with â€Å"niggers† from this passage. As far as his use of the word â€Å"nigger,† Achebe seems to ignore the fact the word was used quite commonly during the time period. Even in Achebe’s time the word is used very often in certain areas. Furthermore, the word â€Å"nigger† is used 219 times in Mark Twain’s the Adventures of Huck Finn, yet Mark Twain was one of the greatest advocates for the humanity of African-Americans of his time. In his essay â€Å"An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad’s ‘Heart of Darkness’† Chinua Achebe makes many points to support his idea that Joseph Conrad and his book, Heart of Darkness are racist. However, many of these points are not very good ones. Although his intentions are good, he is blinded by his quest to attack racists and ended up putting an innocent man, who also had good intentions, under fire.

Risk Taking free essay sample

Taking In our lives, it is important to exercise self-command. However, we should not be so concerned with the future that we stifle the present. The question becomes what balance should we strike between self-command and risks? What kinds of risks are acceptable or unacceptable? In this essay, we will use two examples of risks to show the distinction between the two and arrive at a conclusion as to the balance one should have between risk and self command. The first example we will use Is of a person who spends his life savings on a lottery ticket and does not win the lottery.The second Is of a person who spends his life savings on a hunch regarding a cure for AIDS, a hunch that Is false. Before we make this adolescently, however, It Is necessary to define the terms acceptable and unacceptable risks. Acceptable and unacceptable Risks There are several ways in which one could define which risks are acceptable. We will write a custom essay sample on Risk Taking or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One could say, for example, that the only acceptable risk is one for which the odds of success are greater than the odds of failure. Another definition of acceptable risk might be a risk that does not harm ones future. We might also say that the only acceptable risk is one where the aggregate happiness is increased, thus increasing the moral good of the risk, an idea which is based on John Stuart Mills utilitarianism. Finally, we might define a morally good risk in a Kantian way by saying that the only acceptable risk is one which is rationally thought out (Thomas, lecture). Now that we have several definitions of acceptable risks, we may ask how these definitions, which seem piecemeal and unrelated, can all combine to form one definition of acceptable risk.The best way to do this is to examine the two cases that lie before us and relate the definitions to them. In the process of doing so, we will determine which risk is acceptable and which is not. Risks in the example: the lottery and the AIDS cure If the average person on the street were presented with the case of spending ones life savings on a lottery ticket and losing or spending the same sum on a false hunch regarding an AIDS cure, he or she would probably come up with several answers.For the most part though, all the answers would be consistent with one Idea: the AIDS cure Is simply worth more and thus Is a more acceptable risk. There might be several reasons for this. One could assume, for example, that the only errors who would attempt to cure AIDS would be a doctor with sufficient experience In the field. It would follow, then, that the odds of finding a cure for AIDS would be much greater than the odds of winning the lottery. To win the lottery, one has to draw 6 numbers out of 46 (a probability that is very low).However, curing AIDS with would be a greater moral good because it is less risk involved in it than in trying to win the lottery. This case, although quite valid, is not very interesting. In fact, we have solved it rather rapidly. The more interesting case, and the one we will consider n depth here, is the case in which one has no medical experience whatsoever, but still attempts to find a cure. Furthermore, we will set the odds such that one has a better chance of winning the lottery than finding a cure for AIDS.Yet, I will still show that, regardless of the greater chance of failure, the attempt at an AIDS cure is still has more moral worth than the purchase of the lottery ticket, even though both result in failure. Why does the spending ones life savings on an AIDS cure have more moral worth (which makes it a more acceptable risk) than spending the same sum on a tottery ticket, when the numerical odds of being successful are the same? Why bother, since in the end, the result is the same?The answer lies in Mills definition of a moral good, that which is done to increase the common happiness (Mill, Utilitarianism). The AIDS cure is something that will increase the common happiness, while a person winning the lottery generally will only increase his or her happiness. This is almost obvious. Certainly, if I was to win the lottery, I would increase my happiness greatly, but the increase in the general happiness would be negligible. However, if I were to find a cure for AIDS, it would greatly increase the general happiness.Masses of suffering people and their loved ones would be much happier. Even though my attempt was unsuccessful, it would still be greatly appreciated. Just the thought of a cure would have given hope to what could otherwise be a bleak existence. The mere possibility of being saved from an almost certain death would increase several victims happiness. We see this today, when, each time a new drug that delays the progression of AIDS is approved, people flock to it. That such things re not cures and that some of them do not offer guarantees (indeed, many are experimental) is almost insignificant.

Foundations of the Living Science of Moral Theology

Foundations of the Living Science of Moral Theology Whether God really exists or not is something beyond human conception. However, this belief has lived with human beings since time immemorial. People have ever since live with the conception that God exists such that people tend to associate everything happening in their lives.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Foundations of the Living Science of Moral Theology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In most cases, the existence of god is questioned during difficult times or calamities. Further, the inequalities that have persisted with human nature put to the fore the Christian teachings that God care for all that everyone are equal before God. Moreover, those things that are beyond human explanation are directly related to the super natural nature of god Gennaro, like those who have gone through difficulties also questioned the existence of God. In the novel, he criticized the inequalities that are ever present in human ex istence. He asked why he could undergo such problems yet others just like him are doing better. He questioned the care that god provide to humans and the equality before the eyes of God. However, after facing such difficulties he came to realize that God works in different ways. Moreover, Gennaro claim that god rewards but in a slow process that human beings could hardly understand1. Engulfed in the memory of the painful past, Gennaro argue that human beings may involve in sin without their knowledge. Sometimes it is the circumstances that force people to act contrary to the expectations of God or fellow human beings.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More God, with his supernatural knowledge knew that human beings have sinful orientation therefore they need redemption. Christians must accept that in as much as they would want to be holy, sin cannot be avoided. The only wa y they can remain holy is through redemption. Gennaro argue that sanctification or purification is required since most of the since human beings commit are unknown to them. In Christianity, there are different types of doctrines which people have to believe including the doctrine of redemption and sanctity. The main principle behind these doctrines is the acceptance that human beings cannot escape sin. According to the Christian teachings, sin cannot be avoided and therefore human beings must be redeemed. Sanctification is the ability of God to purify sins through the gracious nature of the Holy Spirit. Sanctification is the doctrine that makes us believe in the holiness of God. According to the biblical teachings, the holiness of God is beyond reproach and because God is holy he requires those in fellowship with him to be holy. It is the God’s work that makes human beings holy2. In a more complete way, sanctification is the holy spirits gracious operations, concerning our an swerable contribution, through which we are delivered from the contamination of transgression, replenish our complete personality in accordance to the reflection of God and make it possible for us to exist in a way that are gratifying to him. In other words, sanctification is the practice in which human beings are transformed accordance with the likeness of God and obey the rules of Christ.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Foundations of the Living Science of Moral Theology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sanctification work has been attributed to the work of the Holy Spirit. Gennaro came to realize the work of sanctification after he started to see light. In the prescribed manner, dedication is to help us be as secretive as possible rather than being disrespectful. However, this is the dissimilar phase of consecration that sets distant the decent surroundings or measures of the advocates. This is the moral foundati on that Gennaro was arguing about. That is, after all the sinful acts, believers became the few select after sanctification. Once human beings have been purifies from the sinful acts of the past, they are kept secret by the Holy Spirit. Any evil activity may easily be avoided or that evil that may have existed during the redemption automatically falls. Gennaro believed that the only way people can be purified from evil is through being one with Christ. The novel clearly indicates to us that human sanctification takes place when they are in union with the Christ and by means of truth. It is the truth of God that is being applied to the lives of human beings that they are made holy and free from sin. Generally Gennaro argued that it is the Gods graciousness that human beings are redeemed from their sins and sanctified3. Many people including some Christians hardly believe that God really exists. According to me, this contradicts the scripture teachings. In fact, when one is in trouble and encounters the dark side of life, he or she questions whether God cares and if He actually knows that humanity exists. At this point, it is important to know that lack of faith and doing evil things makes us feel that God hates us. If we have chilling memories about our painful past, we attribute that to imaginary God who does not care and love His creations.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, if both the past and present moments are crowned with good things and happy occasions, we tend to attribute such occurrences to the transcendence of God’s love and care. Based on spiritual principles of moral theology, these could be attributed to being spiritually immature and the resurgence of faint love for God. To know how to cope up with painful past, hate and love as well as in both darkness and light, we need to understand the basis of moral theology with respect to our cooperation with God’s operations4. Our cooperation and God’s operations The sanctification process should be observed as an operation where all believers become dynamically engaged in the word of God. In fact, as Christians we know that God is our creator, redeemer and sanctifier. The consecration procedure is essentially Almighty’s cordial work through which He functions so as to put together the humanity to match to Jesus likeness and become blessed. Thus, we ought to co mpletely understand that people only become holy through God’s permission. In the scripture, Jesus really prayed that God should sanctify whoever believed in Him. In truth and consistent with the scripture, this was the primary occasion when the son of deity initiated the idea of supporters being redeemed and blessed. From Half-Wits, Fr. Peter Genaro believes that people do have brighter days and enjoy better life on in darkness. Such past occurrences are attributed to God’s love, care and acts. When we encounter grotesques and devastating evils, we attributed these to lack of loving, caring, sanctifying and redeeming God. The moral theology according to the Bible tells us that, the sanctifying task is carried out by God. However, the sanctification process requires us to be vigorously engaged through cooperating with the Almighty who works in us. We are obliged to cooperate with God who works in us if anything good has to happen to us. Furthermore, the scripture tells us not to conform to the humankind but rather transform through renewing our minds. Evidently, questioning whether God really cares, loves, redeems, creates and sanctifies hardly helps the human race. In fact, Fr. Peter Genaro as a believer encourages us that we should responsibly take part in the work God which is geared towards transforming each and every believer into Christ’s image. When faced with challenging moments and hardships, we need to cleanse ourselves from all spirits and body defilements. This implies that, when we actively engage in the operations of God within us, we will surely be redeemed and sanctified by the Almighty. This will enable us to forget the painful past and chilling memories which draw us back and take us far away from God5. Works and faith In conclusion, we might produce good works which hardly justify our deeds and ourselves. This shows that we cannot be redeemed and sanctified because of the good works we have done. When cooperate with God as He works in us, we are bound to being sanctified. Sanctifications and redemption is come as a result of the fruits materializing from the sanctified and redeemed lives. Therefore, we need to know that God frees His people from being polluted by sins. God conform us into Christ’s image to allow human race to live as He had planned. When the Holy Spirit also known as God operates in us, we are blamed for failure to freely take part in all the actions. Indeed, God cares, loves, redeems, sanctifies and guides His creation. He is not happy seeing us living in the darkness and languishing in chilling memories because of being spiritually immature and having faint hearts6. Bibliography Goggins, Gerard. Half-Wits. Worcester, MA: Ambassador Books Incorporated, 2001. Pinckaers, Servais. Sources of Christian Ethics. CUA Press: Washington D.C, 1995. Footnotes 1 Goggins Gerard, Half-Wits (Worcester, MA: Ambassador Books Incorporated, 2001), 56. 2 Pinckaers Servais, Sources of Christian Ethics (CUA Press: Washington D.C, 1995), 91. 3 Goggins Gerard, Half-Wits (Worcester, MA: Ambassador Books Incorporated, 2001), 62. 4 Pinckaers Servais, Sources of Christian Ethics (CUA Press: Washington D.C, 1995), 93. 5 Pinckaers Servais, Sources of Christian Ethics (CUA Press: Washington D.C, 1995), 93. 6 Goggins Gerard, Half-Wits (Worcester, MA: Ambassador Books Incorporated, 2001), 62.

New technologies effect on The Work Force Essay

New technologies effect on The Work Force - Essay Example In fact this contradictory attitude resides in all of us. While, at one hand, we wish for things to be easier, newer, faster i.e. changes in our immediate surroundings but on the other hand, we want to stick to the old, the familiar, to the routine -i.e. we resist change. It is because change forces us to leave our comfort zone for a zone of uncertainty and doubt. And this would mean that our self-image, self-confidence and our relationships with others and our selves would change. We might have felt very competent, confident, relaxed, self-assured in our work and surroundings, however technology might change this all for ever. We might feel less productive, creative; effective and our image of ourselves as a rock by the sea simply change into that of an insignificant pebble. Thus technology affects our psychological balance, which is the main reason behind the resistance shown by work force at work place when new technology is introduced. As technology takes place of much of human manual work, an individual's contact with the finished good is diminished. This results in feelings of alienation and un- satisfaction as individuals feel they have not accomplished much or they have not contributed significantly in the production of goods or in image creation of the company. They feel insignificant, unsuccessful and frustrated in their work places and towards technology. They suffer from feelings of resentment and frustration towards technology, which they see as their enemy who has "stolen" their jobs, their sense of pride, accomplishment and worthiness. And it doesn't end here, the fear, anxiety and apprehension is there to stay in their minds and in the ambience of the work place forever, as technology continues to advance unceasingly. ("Social Effects of Technology") This has been well explained by Kurt Lewin in his "change theory", which was further elaborated by Edgar Schein. It is also known as the "unfreezing-change-refreeze" theory, which explains why people reject new technology, or learning in a workplace, how companies should be prepared for this and how they should manage the whole change process so that change finally becomes the part of the system completely acceptable to everyone. (Wirth, 2004) The first stage is known as the "unfreezing" stage where people need to be motivated for change. This explains why people initially resist change and how they can be prepared for the change, nonetheless. He believed that the behavior pattern of human beings is based on what they have learned from past observations and from their surroundings or culture. Any change, for example technological change, means that either new element are added into these past or existing surroundings or some of the elements to removed from them forever. He, further, argued that people would only accept change on three conditions. The first situation is where there already exists dissatisfaction and resentment towards present conditions. This means that individuals are unable to derive their sense of pr

Reflective paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Reflective paper - Essay Example Moreover, the nurse’s functions include the various challenges in the provision of care, including the ethical considerations, the various issues in the expansion of roles and the need to secure adequate communication tools with the clients (Johns and Freshwater, 2005). Communication barriers are some of the issues which can make the health care delivery process particularly challenging for nurses and other health professionals. This paper aims to evaluate the management of challenging communication interactions in association with cultural issues. It shall focus on my encounter with a Chinese client who spoke little English. This assessment shall use Johns structured reflective framework model by considering critical reflection based on the main issues of the incident and the possible improvements which could have been implemented to ensure better patient outcomes (Johns, 2009). During my placement in the mental health unit, I was assigned various patients and was subsequently informed that one of my patients spoke little English and was suffering from major depressive disorder. She was under antidepressants and was also under suicide watch because she recently attempted suicide. She is 65 years old and recently lost her home and her business in China to a fire. She was brought to Australia by one of her children and was now living with them, but was having a hard time adjusting to life in Australia. In one of the encounters with her, I went in to her room to keep her company as she was on suicide watch and she turned aggressive, she wanted to push me out of the door because she wanted to be alone. I managed to convince her that I would just be sitting with her, but even with my attempts to speak to her, she refused to communicate with me. Our language barrier failed to reassure her or provide her any comfort. She had a

Example Answers to Questions on LVMH

Example Answers to Questions on LVMH LVMH is known as global giant who is famous for its luxury product. The company is based in Paris France, with strength of more than fifty six thousand employees from all parts of the world, the total number of employees include just the 33 percent from France. The foundation of company was laid down with 50 luxury brands in the year 1987, now the organisation is decentralized and they are grown and passing through different stages of organisation evaluation and achieving different landmarks in their business. All the main offices and head quarter of the company is at the capital city of France, but the organisation can be called as multi culture because they include persons in the higher management and staff from different backgrounds, cultures and countries. Structure and Operations of LVMH LVMH is a group of fifty different companies who have about 450 subsidiaries in different locations round the globe; every company has its own way of doing their business with their president and the process through which they have set up that which subsidiary will report to whom. The management of LVMH has divided different business operations into five zones globally; following are the five zones of LVMH business France America Europe Asia Pacific and Japan To achieve the business standards and improved organisational quality the LVMH uses different approaches at different business zones, but the most common and most widely used is international mobility, they believe in international mobility of their higher management and skilled staff, which include vertical and horizontal moves within the organisation and geographical placement at different business locations and business zones. Working with different cultural environments is very necessary for global organisations like LVMH, they need to develop their employees skills and competencies to smoothly operate in multi cultural environment, but lucky most of their expatriates are internationally experienced so this is not to difficult task for the higher management of LVMH to work in multi cultural environment. But they do provide pre departure and post arrival training to all of their expatriates and international mobile staff about the cultural values and other necessary information which they have to deal with during their stay in the country. Introduction to Task 1 Indentify three key HRM activities in LVMH and discuss how they fit into overall corporate objectives of the company. Argue which model of HRM LVMH deploys and why? Identification of HRM Activities The three key HRM activities which I have identified from the LVMH case study are following Recruitment and Selection Career development and International Mobility (T D) Employees Appraisal System Recruitment and Selection (R S) As LVMH is a global giant with global operation, it is necessary for LVMH to have talented staff to retain their global position as giant and provide their customers good services in order to have a good name for the organisation. At start LVMH human resource department was sometime lacking in international experience, competing in a global environment, so LVMH decide to attract, develop and retain managers with global experience (by 2001 it had 260 expatriates and 650 other employees working in a country not their own) To achieve the corporate goals LVMH is following a very comprehensive and realistic approach i.e. the LVMH subsidiaries HR directors coordinate with the business groups through monthly meetings, in order to identify the vacant positions throughout the world and also study the list of potential candidates within organisation who has potential to progress through new assignment within the year. After that vacant positions are announced on the company website, so anyone can apply for that position worldwide, so LVMH attract professionals from all over the world not just for economic benefits but through exciting career development opportunities, which help LVMH is getting professionals from all over the world and achieve their corporate goals. Career Development and International Mobility (T D) From its creation LVMH is an international organisation, and to meet the needs of an international organisation, they were lacking in their human resources and their international management skills. E.g. in 1987 too many mangers were not fluent in English so the management sought to create a team of managers with working knowledge of international market. To have a professionally trained international class team it is important to have plans for career development of employees. At LVMH they dont focus too much on formal trainings but instead of that they prefer Mobility, mobility like vertical, horizontal and geographical moves in organisation, In order to polish their skills and get experienced in an international environment, like once a French insurance specialist in the fashion business unit was sent to Romania to head a shoe factory. To have an international business specialist management team LVMH focuses on international mobility instead of expatriation, because a person sent from UK to France is more likely to return and work in UK with good experience got their in France. The international mobility policy is a part of career development which requires the training of global mangers on limited time basis. The HR department convince a manager to become internationally mobile by offering them more challenging job with more freedom to perform his task than home. One positive aspect of LVMH international mobility is to take risk in order to develop high potentials. LVMH has two type of high potentials HP1 and HP2, an HP1 is an individual going to have top management position (like board of director) while HP2 is an employee go a step or higher in management hierarchy. Employees Appraisal System Appraisals done properly are an honest attempt to appraise someones current performance (i.e. behaviour) and to help them identify how to improve. (Honey, Peter Improve your people skills, second edition, 09) Appraisal is required to recognize ones work and get your employees motivated and stick on to the organisational goals. Most of the organisations have a systematic way of appraisal like once in year, after accomplishment of a task. At LVMH performance appraisal system is not only based on results but also to propose and implement new ideas. A very good approach to appraise someone is to appraise ones ideas, because it is not necessary that the top level management can just produce good ideas, newly employed young and energetic people can produce ideas which may be not based on experience, but through the latest and updated knowledge and resources they have (like technology). So LVMH try to achieve their corporate goals and objectives through appraisal system. Which HRM Model LVMH deploys LVMH has deployed the European model of human resource management i.e. Best Fit model. Because in best fit model organisation identify HR strategies that fit their business e.g. market, labour, size and structure of the organisation. Justification of using Best Fit model At LVMH they have different HR activities which clearly state that which model they have deployed in their organisation. If we take the example of International Mobilization the concept behind this is Best Fit as Boxall and Purcell described decisions over selection / recruitment, development and training are strategic in nature and have to be harmonised with corporate strategy. LVMH is working in different countries dealing with different cultural people, as HR activities vary from cultured people, as HR activities vary from cultural to cultural, so using the best fit approach they deal each country / subsidiary in the way which best fit them. At LVMH the HR strategies and business strategies are inter dependent, which is according to definition of (Armstrong, 2003) states that best fit approach is Inter-dependence between HR strategies and business strategies. Introduction to Task 2 The requirement from this task is to provide information on the key approaches that how LVMH manages its employees training and development. What are the strengths and weaknesses of their system and provide recommendations to LVMH board of Directors on how to improve its strategy towards TD of its staff management. Training and Development Training is the process of altering employee behaviour and attitudes in a way that increase the probability of goal attainment [1] or we can define training as the formal and systematic modification of behaviour through learning which occurs as a result of education, instruction, development and planned experience [2]. Development is any learning activity which is directed toward future needs rather than present needs, and which is concerned more with growth than immediate performance [2]. How LVMH ensure their employees T D To ensure their employees skill development and equipped them with latest skills and knowledge of management LVMH has a variety of training and development programs. The main focus of all these activities is on to prepare their employees to meet the high market challenges and to ensure the achievement of their organisational goals and objectives through proper utilization of human resources. Following are the key approaches which LVMH use for their employees training and development. International Mobility Career Management (Organisational Management Review OMR) Inter Cultural training International Mobility At LVMH international mobility is an activity for gaining high career mile stones, and develop manager to take the global management positions and enable them to work at a multi cultural and out of their home countries. International mobility is likely to entail a radical functional move. Through international mobility the managers are put into new situations to help them develop new skills and prove their courage. Through international mobility LVMH try to identify the potential individuals who are ready to go for an international assignment and have capabilities to carry out the duties of expatriates. The company provide so many opportunities to its international mobile staff, it attract mangers to international assignments through exciting career development prospects and not through economic incentives, even though its incentive program is competitive. This is a part of career development, they dont dispatch expatriates because of a lack of local talent but they international mobile employees have to fulfil two profiles , one is to those sent by the headquarter to control its subsidiaries and protect its interests and the other is to ensure information, organisational business and to harmonize the procedures. Career Management (Organisational Management Review OMR) To provide their employees an insight into their career development LVMH has a career management process which is known as Organisational and Management Review (OMR). This is an annual process in which the HR objectives of the company are reviewed and set the organisational need for the next three years, that which employees need what sort of trainings and list the potential employees ready for international assignments and to prepare them and train them for the top management position. They use the OMR for maintaining the list of the candidates ready to move and assess their current development. Inter Cultural training To become an internationally mobile or expatriate the employees of LVMH needs intercultural training to adjust quickly, because international position usually has to be filled very quickly, which leaves little time for intercultural training. LVMH normally chose those employees to become internationally mobile / expatriates who has some past experience of international environment. They are extending training to both the employees and his or her family, and for time being both pre departure and post arrival training limited to just language training, which LVMH needs to extend to properly prepare their employees for the position of expatriate. Recommendation for LVMH Board of Directors Keeping in view the above discussion about the training and development in LVMH, I will recommend the board of Directors of LVMH as As LVMH believes in international mobility, and select those employees who has some past international experience, but that is not enough to hold an international management position. So it is recommended to start a structured long term training program to develop a pool of employees for international mobility. When an employee is going to take position as expatriate he / she should be provided enough time to get trained about that country culture, people life style, management styles preferred in that country and the environment of business. LVMH has the opportunity to have proper training and development courses for their support staff and non managerial employees to improve the standard of their daily organisational and business activities. Introduction to Task 3 The requirement from this task is to apply Balance Scorecard to LVMH, and critically review the performance of HR and provide suggestion that how to improve their HR performance. What is Balance Scorecard This system is used by good and large scale organisation for the strategic planning of their business, and is widely used in the business organisation, government institutions and some of the large scale nongovernmental organisations in order to improve the level of their business strategies and align that with their organisation vision, improve the standard of communication in and outside the organisation, and how to monitor their performance keeping in mind the business goals and strategic objectives of the business. Balance Scorecard for LVMH To maintain a balance score card for the LVMH following issues / topic of the HR will be addressed in the balance score card, and the will provide ideas on how to monitor the performance of the HR department. Learning and Growth Perspective Internal Perspective Financial Perspective Learning and Growth Perspective Objectives: Improve the standard of learning of HR staff in making the strategies and deciding the corporate goals, and make them able to be sent on international assignments. Description: Make the HR staff able for international mobility. Corporate Objectives Performance Measures Identification of the candidates who have enough skills, competencies and confidence to become and international mobile officer. Complete the progress and perfromace reports of all employees. Identification of the HR skills of all staff of the HR departments and also for others. Verification and validation of all the HR skills of employees time by time. Actions: Objectives: improve the attachments and dedication of HR staff toward the organizational goals and objectives of the LVMH Description: what are the weaknesses and strengths of the HR department employees, and what activities are needed to improve the skills and competencies of the employees? Corporate Objectives Performance Measures Testing and validation of the HR staff performance and focusing on the weak areas which needs to be improved. Organization special procedures for the maintenance of the employees personal and professional skills record. Actions: Objectives: Modeling and creation of the performance management indicators and improving the standard of communication within the organization. Description: to develop the new systems and those which are already in practice in the industry, or implementation of the standard procedures for the performance management and communication improve the communication. Corporate Objectives Performance Measures Improve the individual alignment and attachment with the strategic plan of the organization by providing them incentives Improve the standards of already implemented communication. Create an implementation plan to model best practices Take the staff on board while deciding all these issues, and take their opinion through survey or some other activity, and make them realize that this for their improvement, and value their feedback. Actions: Internal Perspective Objectives: enhance the employees commitment with organization, and make them proud to be a part of LVMH Description: Satisfy the employees being a part of LVMH, and make them realize that LVMH cares for them. Actions: Corporate Objectives Performance Measures Make the LVMH a good place for work with. Design good strategies for employees involvement and satisfaction. Give attention to employees survey results and feedback. Evaluate the turnover data. Objectives: making the recruitment process effective Description: develop new and enhance the existing recruitment process to make this dream a reality that right person on right place at right time Actions: Corporate Objectives Performance Measures What are the key area of working with LVMH Make the use of technology in recruiting process Integrate good employer story and branding efforts into recruiting Look at the turnover rate How much customers are satisfied with the organization employees. How much management is satisfied with employee performance? How can LVMH improve their HR performance? As LVMH is a global giant doing operation in different countries with a group of 50 companies and 450 subsidiaries, they have very good approach to manage their employees all over the world, and ensure the personal and professional growth throw different activities arranged by the HR department of LVMH. After studying the case study there are some HR activities and operations which can be make much more influential in achieving the organizational goals and objectives. The HR department may start management courses for their middle level and primary level management team, to ensure their growth to take over the future top level management positions Employees ready for international mobility should be given proper training before they go on assignment, though LVMH provide some pre departure and post arrival training but it is needed to have a very structured training program which provide complete knowledge and information on how to work as expatriate. The process of inter-cultural training has much more potential, so the training should be extended to subsidiaries level to make a pool of employees aware of the different cultural values and available for any cross cultural assignments. LVMH needs extend their recruitment and selection process not just to those countries where the company is in operation, to global recruitment and selection in order to get a big pool of potential candidates from all over the world and then select the appropriate individuals on the basis of merit which best suit the organizational goals and strategy.

Slave Acculturation Essay -- American History

Slave Acculturation The seasoning process, as applied to the treatment of plantation slaves, was designed to ensure not only that the slaves would become totally dependent upon the dictates of their owners but also to destroy the cultural links which the slaves had with their former homelands. In the West African kingdoms which provided one of the major source of slaves at the height of the triangle trade, slavery was part of the indigenous culture; however, the motivation behind African domestic slavery was for the main part political, and intricately bound up with the way in which the capture of those from neighbouring tribes would allocate bargaining power to the captors; it was not necessary to impose a process of acculturation on the slaves in order to ensure their total obedience. (Curtin p 63) However, once slavery was extended to Europe and the Americas, there was a perception amongst the white slave-owners that to allow black slaves to maintain their cultural heritage would result in the fomentation of rebellion and invalidate the psychological and physical domination which was essential if small groups of whites were to successfully control large groups of slaves.(Inikori p 22) Depriving slaves of their physical strength, except when seen as necessary to set an example, would have been counter-productive. It was the potential for labour which was highly valued on the plantations; slaves cost money and it was in the interests of the plantation owners to maintain the physical health and strength of their slaves, even when they had established a breeding program which made the slave community essentially self-perpetuating. Seasoning was therefor... ...African heritage but developed along different cultural lines and could not be said to have a direct connection with its cultural origins in the modern context of Black American society. Bibliography Curtin, Philip D. and Paul E. Lovejoy, ed. Africans in bondage: Studies in Slavery and the Slave Trade. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1986. Burnard, T & Morgan, K. (2001) The dynamics of the slave market and slave purchasing patterns in Jamaica, 1655-1788. William and Mary Quarterly 58; 1: npa. Inikori, Joseph E. and Stanley L. Engerman, eds. The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Economies. Societies, and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1992. Africa in America: Slave Acculuturation and Resistance in the American South and the British Caribbean, 1736-1831., The William and Mary Quarterly.(JSTOR)

Market Structure of the German and British Tour Operators’ Industry Through the Analysis of the Package Tour Prices in the Balearic Islands. Essay

Abstract: In this paper we study a sample of package tour prices of German and British tour operators in the Balearic Islands. One of the proposes of this study is to analyse if there are significant differences in price between tour operators due to different factors than those associated to the characteristics of the offer (first hypothesis). These differences in price have been showed in Sinclair et al. (1990) by British tour operators in the resort of Malaga and in Aguilà ³ et al. (2001) by German tour operators in Majorca. The main results point out differences in price between tour operators not associated with the characteristics of the package tour’s offer, that we interpret as an oligopolistic feature of the tour operators’ market. The genereted data is also useful to estimate the role that hotel chains play. Our second hypothesis is to contrast if the association of hotels in chains offset the tour operator’s market power. Keywords: German and British tour operators’ industry; Balearic Islands; Package tour prices. INTRODUCTION The Balearic Islands could be one of the regions that best symbolised the Mediterranean sun and beach holidays. This type of tourism emerged in the 60’s and supposed a turning point in the evolution of tourism. Before this date few tourist visited the islands and all of them were of the upper class, after 1960 the middle and lower class can afford vacations due to several economical and cultural changes. One of the most important changes was the package tour made by tour operators, who due to the volume and standardisation of the packages generated economies of scale, and so, lower prices to tourist who become to arrive in mass. European consumers showed a growing tendency to this type of vacation, partly due to lower prices that, for the same final product, could offer tour operators (Travel and Tourism Intelligence, 2000). This lower price is the result of a bulk negotiation with the different elements that compose the package tour, essentially: hoteliers and airlines. In the present paper, we will focus on the negotiation with hoteliers, as the main European tour operators are vertically integrated with charter airlines. The lack of studies on hoteliers-tour operators’ price negotiation is due to the non-availability of data related to this theme. So, although we consider that empirical evidence is necessary, our last choice was to arrange several interviews with different hoteliers to know about the price negotiation with tour operators. The results of these interviews highlight that operators who contract more room’s beds are those who get lower prices. Obviously, those operators are the large ones. So, we can start from the premise that large tour operators have market power on mass destinations. The main purpose of this paper is to study prices that tour operator s fix on the package tour brochures in order to determine if they operate in a competitive or oligopolistic market. If in the origin market operates under perfect competition, tour operators could fix a marginal-cost price, on the other hand, they could fix a price above the marginal-cost without losing market share if the origin market is oligopolistic. Anyway, the existence of economies of scale in sales, marketing and purchasing, mean that there are conditions, which strongly favour concentration in the tour operator industry (Williams, 1996). Both German and British tour operators dominated the European market in 1999, as seven of the ten main tour operators are of these nationalities (FVW Europà ¤ische Veranstalter in Zahlen, documentation 1999/2000). Moreover, in each country large tour operators have large market shares: in 1999 the seven large German tour operators have a 83% market share (FVW), whilst the four main British tour operators control the 86.6% of the Spanish market (AC Nielsen). On the other hand, the Balearics attract large numbers of German and British tourist, accounting for 70% of the total of foreign tourists in 2000[ii] and as exposes Williams (1996) the destinations that are dependent on the British and German markets are in fact locked into relationships with the powerful tour operators in these countries. The first propose (hypothesis 1) of this paper is to contrast the market power of these companies when selling the Balearic Islands. By the way, the hotel chains in the Balearic Islands, as an association of hotels, can negotiate lower prices with tour operators than an individual hotel, and thus, can offset the power of tour operators in the Islands. This is the last point (hypothesis 2) that we want to analyse in the paper. Dunning and McQueen (1982) argued that there are three conditions for the emergence of international hotel chains: 1) where there are net ownership advantages; 2) where there are locational endowments; 3) to internalise market transactions. In mass tourism the authors argued that the first two conditions do not exist, as the tourism product being sold is largely indifferent to branding and location factor endowment. We do not thing that mass tourism and hotel chains may not be held concurrently, as most Balearic hotels chains have internationalise and some of them are between the most important in the world. Resuming, in this paper we will examine the German and British tour operators’ industry through the analysis of the package tour prices o n the Balearic Islands and the roll that hotel chains play. The evidence that price could give is not enough, but a gut approach to analyse the tour operators’ package tour industry. The paper is divided as follows: in the next section, we first review the literature concern to tour operators, then we describe the data used in the paper. After that, we show some descriptive results of the package tour prices, in order to identify the influence of some relevant characteristics of the package tour on its price. Then, an analysis of variance is done to evaluate the statistical significance of the variables detected as significant in determining the price of package tours; and finally some observations on the package tour industry are offered before reaching an overall conclusion. LITERATURE REVIEW There are implicit statements between those who work on the tourism sector, that tour operators dominate mass destination markets and although there are numerous assertions of the importance of tour operators, there has been little detailed research on this topic. We thought that the package tour industry analysis is still at its beginnings, despite its relevance in most of the European markets. Several researchers have discussed the structure of this industry, but the conclusions in some cases have turned out to be contradictory. Sheldon (1986) argues that the US package tour industry is polarised into a few large stable firms and many small less stable firms, and conclude that the industry is contestable. Fitch (1987) presents descriptive evidence of market power in the UK package tour industry. Baum and Mudambi (1994) argue that the UK package tour industry is oligopolistic and prone to price instability. Taylor (1996) queries whether the UK industry is contestable or oligopolisti c and concludes that the UK market is contestable. Curtin and Busby (1999) expose that due to economies of scale, tour operators have enormous buying power (monopsony) as well as considerable control of the distribution and sale of their product in the market place (monopoly power). The above papers are based in theoretical arguments. Evans and Stabler (1995) use descriptive statistics to argue that the UK industry is segmented according to strategic groupings, where the large firms are oligopolistic and the small ones are competitive. Gratton and Richards (1997) introduce some empirical evidence on package tour prices and tour operators’ market shares. They conclude that the UK package tour industry is contestable, whilst the German is a stable oligopoly. Davies and Downward (1998, 2000) use econometrics, and the results gave empirical support to the Evans and Stabler thesis of strategic groupings. Concretely, they argue that the UK package tour industry is segmented by size. On the other hand, there are some papers that study the tour operators’ industry in destination places rather than in the origin markets: Taylor (1995) analyses the package tour price competitiveness in several Mediterranean destinations and concludes that the Spanish hotels are price acceptant, and emphasises the high tour operators’ negotiation power. Sinclair et al. (1990) examine the package tour prices in Malaga and conclude that there are significant differences in prices between UK tour operators. Aguilà ³ et al. (2001) study the German package tour prices in Majorca and come to the conclusion that there are significant differences in prices, no related with the package tour characteristics. Furthermore, due to the antimonopoly legislation, some concentrations between tour operators have been analysed by The Monopolies and Mergers Commission (the British authority on mergers and concentrations) and the European Commission (the European authority on mergers and concentrations). In 1988 The Monopolies and Mergers Commission investigated the acquisition of Horizon Travel by Thomson Travel Group and reported that the British tour operators’ market was competitive. They demonstrated that with the followings facts: the price competitiveness of the market, low profitability, relatively easy entry by new firm to the tour operating industry and higher prices in Germany and other European countries. On the other hand, in 1999 the European Commission investigated and blocked the acquisition of First Choice by Airtours alluding to several features that indicated a dominant position on the British tour operators’ market. By the way, other acquisitions between tour operators of different nationalities investigated by the European Commission have been expected not to operate against the competition (Airtours/Frosch Touristik and TUI/Thomson). At this point, we consider that the European Commission do not investigated the market power that this macro European tour operators can have in a nearly future on some destinations, as the Balearic Islands, where almost 20% of the tourist are carried by Thomson and TUI, nowadays belonging to the same touristic group. THE DATA The data used in this paper is from 28 German and 20 British tour operators’ summer 2000 brochures[iii]. The brochures describe in detail the characteristics of each offer (hotel category, proximity to beaches, swimming pool, etc) and give an overall price, not giving a price to each element of the offer. Many of the characteristics described in the brochures are related to the hotel star rating[iv], regulated by law. However it should be stress that the star rating don’t constitute an exhaustive description of the hotel, so there are other characteristics that impinge on package tour prices. Concretely, we consider: zone, hotel star rating, beds in room, type of board, proximity to a population centre, picturesque surroundings, lift, child care, playground, air condition, TV, SAT, garden, entertainment, no smoking areas, swimming pool, tennis, bicycles, sports, sauna, gym, golf, room sea view, mini bar, proximity to a natural area, proximity to beaches, total rooms and floors of the hotel and exclusive to the tour operator. Tour operators’ package tour prices for the same hotel vary depending on the specific characteristic of the offer (beds in room, type of board, zone, etc) and of other facts, concretely transport cost, length and time of the year. As in Aguilà ³ et al. (2001) we consider, from the point of view of price competitiveness, the influence on prices of product’s characteristics rather than transport cost and time of year for the present analysis. Thus, the present analysis focuses on offers for a stay in one-to five-star hotels in the Balearic Islands, considering only prices for the first week of August 2000 (high season) and with departure from Dà ¼sseldorf and Gatwick. The high season was chosen because that time of the year (May-October) is when more tourists visit the Balearic Islands. Nearly the 50% of the tourist that visit the Islands concentrate in the months of June, July and August[v]. The selection of the first week of August was arbitrary. The choice of Dà ¼sseldorf was based on the fact that it moves 20.9% of the German tourist that come to the Balearic Islands; and for the British tourist, Gatwick was chosen because it canalise 29.9% of British tourist[vi]. Comparisons between nationalities are workable because a charter flight’s mean price from Gatwick or from Dà ¼sseldorf to the Balearic Islands do not present significantive differences. We really thought that our data is suitable to analyse the tour operators’ price structure in the Balearic Island. Our previous statement is based in the fact that 8921 tour operators’ offers associated with 693 hotels were analysed, while 713 hotels is the official number of re gistered hotels in the Balearic Islands. Furtehrmore, the fact that nearly 90% of hotel rooms are contracted by tour operators in the Balearic Islands allow us the inference of the results to the industry. ANALYSIS OF THE PACKAGE TOUR PRICES Our first hypothesis to contrast is if there are differences in price due to tour operators and thus, not associated with the characteristics of the offer. The second hypothesis is to analyse the role that hotel chains play in the determination of package tour prices .We first realize a descriptive analysis, to carry on with an analysis of variance. Thus, allow us to isolate the effect that tour operators and hotel chains have on prices, estimating if there are differences and the kind of differences. Descriptive analysis Tour operators The variability of the prices of the packages offered are due to several factors, some of them associated to the characteristics of the offer and some related to the tour operator that organise the package tour. To analyse our first hypothesis we have to isolate the tour operator effect by homogenising the offer. We can only compare prices between tour operators if the offers are homogenous. Hotel star rating, type of board and beds in room are expected to be, in a first approximation, the main causes of price variability. So, the offers that we consider are in a double room with half board in a three stars hotel. Figure 1 and 2 present the box-plots of the price in this market segment for each tour operator for each nationality[vii]. In figure 1, it can be seen that, Niag Reisen’s, FTI’s and Club Blaues Meer’s median price is in a range clear above the rest, while SLR and Ãâ€"ger Tours, and TUI and C&N present similar distributions. Insert Figure 1 about here In the case of British tour operators, figure 2 shows that the positions of the price distributions have a clear order: Airtours’ price distribution is above the rest, then go Thomas Cook and Virgin and finally, Cosmos, First Choice and Thomson are third in the ranking. Insert Figure 2 about here A careful reading of this information allows the inference of factors other than hotel star rating, type of board and number of beds in a room in price determination. Although other factors determining price are considered in the analysis of variance, these results point to a differential effect associated with the tour operator. Once we have highlighted the differentiation effect of tour operators, we carry on with its analysis. We don’t have to forget that tour operators are intermediaries between the hotel industry and the holiday’s consumers. Its control capacity of the market in a zone or in a demand segment could be reflected both in hotels, through a low price negotiation, and with customs, offering higher prices in the brochures. The first one, regrettably, can be estimated trough the data, but we can explain the possibilities that tour operators have when they establish the package tour price. If they have market power in destinations (we assume that large ones have) will obtain lower prices per room. At this point, in general terms, tour operators have two alternatives. First, they can establish lower prices in the brochures, so its mark-up will not benefit, but consumers; on the other hand, tour operators can raise mark-up and get beneficiated. The first choice will show market power with respect to hoteliers, whilst the second will state market power with respect to hoteliers and clients. To focus on its control capacity and its influence on prices, we have created a new variable: product concentration degree that measures the importance of each tour operators’ offer by nationalities in each market segment, according to star rating and type of board. It has been calculated as the percentage of the number of offers that each tour operator realise in each hotel star rating and in a specific type of board, regarding the total number of offers in this segment. A 10.9% value for this variable to Neckermann’s three stars hotel and half board offers, mean that the 10.9% of the package tour’s offers in three stars hotels and half board are realis e by this tour operator. A dispersion graph between this variable and the mean price by hotel star rating and type of board are shown in figure 3 for British tour operators and in figure 4 for German. Insert Figure 3 about here The dispersion graph shows a positive relation between Product concentration degree and the average price by star rating and type of board of British tour operators’ offers. The Pearson coefficient (0.384) confirms that the relation is significantive and positive. Insert Figure 4 about here The same results are obtained with German tour operators, with a Pearson coefficient of 0.293, but although the coefficient is significative and positive, the general picture is not so clear. So, the general conclusion for both nationalities is that as the Product concentration degree increases the average price by star rating and type of board is higher. Our first preliminary conclusions of this descriptive analysis of tour operators are two: 1) There are differences in price among international companies. 2) As the control of a market segment by a tour operator increases, it can fix higher prices. Hotel chains The association of hotels in chains is seen, among other factors, as an intention to offset the European tour operators’ growing market power (Bardolet, 1990, p.228; Doxa, 1988). Regarding to hotels chains and its capacity to offset the tour operators’ market power, we have created a dummy variable with further information called agreement with ttoo which takes three categories: 1) the hotel doesn’t belong to a hotel chain, 2) the hotel belongs to a hotel chain and it have some kind of agreement with tour operators and 3) the hotel belongs to a hotel chain and it have any agreement with tour operators. Once we have obtained the dummy, we have calculated the mean difference between each category for offers in a double room with half board in a three stars hotels. We expect to observe that offers in hotels that belong to hotel chains are more expensive than those related to offers in hotels that don’t belong to hotel chains, as they are able to negotiate higher prices with tour operators and thus, tour operators charge this higher prices to consumer. Nevertheless, the brochure price analysis reflect diff erent results, as are showed in the following tables: Table 1: Mean price for German package tours |Mean price |No chain |Chain without agreement |Chain with agreement | | |(92985) |(93257) |(90827) | |No chain | |-272 |2157 | | | |(0.7) |(0.254) | |Chain without agreement | | |2430 | | | | |(0.06) | Table 2: Mean price for British package tours |Mean price |No chain |Chain without agreement |Chain with agreement | | |(149896) |(148909) |(139707) | |No chain | |986 |10189 | | | |(0.7) |(0.03) | |Chain without agreement | | |9202 | | | | |(0.01) | Tables 1 and 2 show the mean price for each category in brakets, the difference mean prices between categories and its significance in brakets. The results are very explicit and present the same pattern in both nationalities, offers in hotels that belongs to hotel chains with agreements with tour operators have lower average prices than those that don’t have agreements or don’t belong to hotel chains. The results are significantive for British offers, however, for German offers, while the price average difference between hotels with or without agreements is on the limit of the 5% significance, the price average difference between hotel with agreements and those that don’t belong to a hotel chain is not significantive. On the other hand, there are non significantive average price differences between hotels that don’t belong to hotel chains and those that belong to one without agreements. The obtained results can be interpreted as follow: hotel chains that h ave any kind of agreement with tour operators are more concerned in obtaining higher occupancy rates than higher prices, that can mean lower occupancy rates. Thus, if offers are cheaper in those hotels, they could have higher occupancy rates. Supporting our thesis, Dunning and McQueen (1982, p. 86) explained that: â€Å"hotels associated with tour operators will also presumably be able to plan and maintain higher occupancy rates because the parent company is in a control position in channelling tourist towards its own hotel.† The conclusions obtained with this descriptive analysis of the hotel chains were at a first glance unexpected, but relevant as the package tour prices fixed in the brochures, reveal that what involve negotiation power is not the hotel chains per se, but the association with tour operators. Analysis of variance The analysis of variance will allow us to compare the importance that different characteristics of the offer have on the overall price, as well as differential effects linked to the tour operator and hotel chains. The first one was detected in preliminary works as Sinclair et al. (1990) and Aguilà ³ et al. (2001), while the second one is a new attribution to this field. Its seems appropriate to consider, given the previous results, as determinants of the package tour price the hotel star rating, the type of board and the number of beds in the room. Although the main characteristics of the package tour are covered by this variables, the brochures specify in detailed each offer and this information is available in our data to improve the analysis. Some of this can be superfluous, in terms of its relationship to the category of the hotel or its redundancy. This is the case, for example, with a characteristic such as a satellite TV and TV in rooms or child care and playground. Nevertheless, descriptive analyses also state that the tour operator, the variable product concentration degree and the variable agreement with ttoo have so mething to say about the final price of a package tour. With this specification, the signification of tour operator can’t be put down to characteristics of the offer not completely covered by the hotel star rating. The variable used to analyse the differences was the price of the package tour specified in the brochure. Table 3 for British and in table 4 for German show the results of an analysis of variance of the variables that turn out to be significant. Table 3: Analysis of variance of the variable price of British package tour. |Dependent Variable: price | | | | |Source |DF |F-ratio |Pr>F | | | | | | |Model |44 |281.67 |0.000 | |Residual |2297 | | | |Total |2341 | | | | | |R square=0.841 | | | | | | |Variables |DF |F-ratio |Pr>F | | | | | | |Intercept |1 |5157.82 |0.000 | |Beds in room |2 |291.38 |0.000 | |Hotel star rating |4 |210.05 |0.000 | |Type of board |3 |118.78 |0.000 | |Tour operator |14 |89.09 |0.000 | |Zone |10 |35.64 |0.000 | |Product concentration degree |1 |20.61 |0.000 | |Number of floors |1 |8.79 |0.003 | |Room sea view |1 |21.98 |0.000 | |Mini bar |1 |102.02 |0.000 | |Air condition |1 |19.67 |0.000 | |Playground |1 |15.66 |0.000 | |Picturesque surroundings |1 |258.13 |0.000 | |Proximity to a natural area |1 |44.20 |0.000 | |Swimming pool |1 |37.23 |0.000 | |Sauna |1 |64.95 |0.000 | |Golf |1 |18.98 |0.000 | Table 4: Analysis of variance of the variable price of German package tour. |Dependent Variable: price | | | | |Source |DF |F-ratio |Pr>F | | | | | | |Model |58 |323.94 |0.000 | |Residual |6467 | | | |Total |6525 | | | | | |R square=0.742 | | | | | | |Variables |DF |F-ratio |Pr>F | | | | | | |Interseccià ³n |1 |5892.90 |0.000 | |Beds in room |3 |418.40 |0.000 | |Hotel star rating |4 |991.06 |0.000 | |Type of board |3 |79.31 |0.000 | |Tour operator |22 |21.89 |0.000 | |Zone |14 |42.70 |0.000 | |Product concentration degree |1 |100.21 |0.000 | |Agreement with ttoo |2 |6.57 |0.001 | |Number of floors |1 |30.51 |0.000 | |Room sea view |1 |187.33 |0.000 | |Air condition |1 |10.82 |0.001 | |Mini bar |1 |78.96 |0.000 | |Sat |1 |51.88 |0.000 | |Playground |1 |55.09 |0.000 | |No smoking areas |1 |9.26 |0.002 | |Proximity to a natural area |1 |71.38 |0.000 | |Swimming pool |1 |5.40 |0.020 | As can be observed in the above tables the variable agreement with ttoo appears only significantive for German package tours. However, the variable product concentration degree appears significantive and positive for both nationalities. This result show that the great control of a market segment by a tour operator in the Balearic Islands allow it to exert a great market power fixing higher prices and thus, reveal the oligopolistic features of this market. The identity of tour operator appears for both nationalities significantive. Aguilà ³ et al. (2001) explained this results in two ways. First, it is possible that there are characteristics not observable in brochures, which would be associated with the level of quality of the services offered by the tour operator. The second explanation points to the monopolistic nature of competition in this type of market. Sinclair et al. (1990) attribute the differences in price to the greater effectiveness of certain advertising campaigns or th e inability of smaller companies to take advantage of the economies of scale that the large ones enjoy. The first explanation of Aguilà ³ et al. (2001) refers to variables as flight schedules, degree of attention, and so on. In our sample this factors has been taken into account. So, the rest of explanations given by authors to this fact reveal, in a wide range, an oligopolistic feature of this market, especially among large tour operators, that permit them to have different strategies one another. Obviously the specific strategy of each tour operator is unknown, but the analysis of the parameters estimated (table 5) offer us an overall strategy, that has been contrasted by the companies portfolios. Table 5: Tour operators estimated parameters |Phoenix |-10370 |Thomson |-21473 | |LTU |-6340 |First Choice |-14170 | |ITS |-5504 |Cosmos |-11381 | |Alltours |-5196 |Thomas Cook |-4879 | |Dertour |-5193 |Virgin |0 | |C&N |-2571 |Airtous |18065 | |SLR |-334 | | | |TUI |0 | | | |Club Blaues Meer |1166 | | | |Frosch Touristik |5070 | | | |Niag Reisen |6346 | | | |Ãâ€"ger Tours |9518 | | | German data is richer in terms of size of tour operators than British data, and so, we can observe large tour operators: TUI, C&N and LTU; medium: Dertour, FTI and ITS; and small: Alltours, Club Blaues Meer, Niag, Ãâ€"ger, Phoenix and SLR. However, British data is composed by large tour operators: Thomson, Airtours, Thomas Cook and First Choice; and medium: Cosmos and Virgin. Although the mark up of each package tour sold is not so high, the total number of packages sold determine its benefits. Therefore, rather than benefits, market shares are the objective of tour operators. Generally speaking, small German tour operators fix higher prices, except Phoenix and Alltours. This fact is due to its lower capacity of negotiating prices with the supply side, and the relative exclusive distribution system created by large tour operators. When the tour operator is unable to reduce its costs due to its size, must fix higher prices and have lower market share. By the way, TUI is the German an d European tour operator with great market share and is, among large tour operators, the one that fix the highest prices. Its growing strategy through expanding in other markets, allow TUI to increase its market share without reducing prices. That is, TUI can fix higher prices without losing market share. The rest two large tour operators: C&N and LTU fix prices lower than TUI. C&N could follow a lower prices strategy to rise its market share and challenge TUI leadership. On the other hand, LTU has been acquired by REWE in January 2001, so the low prices in summer 2000 can be interpreted as an attempt to gain clients and rise its market share (LTU has reduce its market share dramatically from 1994 to 1999). Finally, we have the medium tour operators: Dertour, ITS and FTI. The first two fix lower prices in an attempt to rise its market share. Medium tour operators don’t have the great negotiation power that large ones have, and so, don’t obtain low prices in the negotiation with the supply side, but if they want to become large they have to obtain clients and then fix in the brochures low prices. The last one, FTI, has during the last years internal problems that conduce to its acquisition by Airtours. This problems can be associated with the high price fix in summer 2000. Alltours, despite its classification as a small tour operator, is among the small ones, the one that have the greatest market share, and we can put its strategy on an equal foot with ITS and Dert our. On the other hand, Airtours is among large British tour operators the one that fix the highest prices. This tour operator is the second in terms of market share both in the British and in the European market. Just like TUI, Airtours has grown through the expansion to other countries and the product diversification. This two facts allow Airtours to fix higher prices without losing market share. Although, Airtours is not the market leader in Great Britain (place hold by Thomson), it behave as it was. The acquisition of Thomson by TUI in 2000 due to financial problems can explain the low prices of the British leader. To sum up, except the small tour operators, the three tourist groups that control the European market fix the highest prices. So, although they have market power with the supply side and obtain the lowest prices in the negotiation, these prices are not diverted into low package tour prices. Therefore, large tour operators have market power both in origin an in the Bal earic Islands. We can reflect our thesis with a more general model that show the implications of the price elasticity on mark up. The theory stars with the premise that profit maximizing firms with market power set price (P) as a mark up over marginal cost (MC), which mark up depends on the elasticity of demand ((), where ( is defined to be positive. Thus: [pic] At this point, we consider that the introduction of an aggregate measure of the competitive conduct in the tour operator industry is a great deal (See Papatheodorou, 2001), but we go further arguing that tour operators perform in two related but different scenarios: destination and origin countries. In the Balearics Islands tour operators are the demand side and the hoteliers are the supply side. Tour operators are price sensitive, so its demand is quite elastic, and thus the hoteliers’ mark up is lower. So, hoteliers are concerned in occupancy rates. On the other hand, in the origin countries: Germany and UK, tour operators are the agents that supply the package tour to the consumers, so they operate as the supply side and the consumers are the demand side. Consumers behave in to different ways when decide where to expend their holidays: 1) Type 1 consumers don’t have any special destination to go and will go to the cheapest one. 2) Type 2 consumers want to go to the B alearics. Type 1 consumers are very price sensitive, its demand is elastic and so, tour operators’ mark up will be lower; contrary, type 2 consumers are less sensitive to price, so tour operators’ mark up rises. This second type of consumers are more attractive both for tour operators and hoteliers; the first ones can rise its mark up, whilst the second ones obtain a loyal tourism. Although, the mass market tour operators’ industry as a whole is characterised by small margins, this differentiation between consumers highlights the impact of loyal consumers on margins and question the statement that tour operators put destination-based business (above all hoteliers) at a bargaining disadvantage because they have obtained the initiative in persuading their clients which destination to visit.  ¿Which type of tourism have the Balearic Islands? Cladera (2002) shows that both German and British tourists repeat its holidays in the Balearic Islands (67.65% and 78.11% r espectively in 2000). This figures point out that the Islands are a destination that tourists claim and can drive us to tell that the Islands have a type 2 consumers, but we can be in front of a type 1 consumer if the reason of visiting the Balearics is the price, so we have to carry on investigating the reasons for the visits. Aguilà ³ et al. (2002) observe that the main reasons for choosing the Balearics as their holidays destination for German tourist are: clime (20% of answers), beaches (15.9%), environment and hotel quality (13.4%), transfer facilities (7.4%) and price (6.7%). British tourist give more importance to price (11% of answers), but the most relevant reason is still the clime (21.2%). Environment and hotel quality represent 12.1% of answers, whilst beaches are only a 10%. This figures can be observed by another perspective, specifically, by the number of people who have marked each of the reasons. Doing that we can observe that clime is the main reason, marked by 80.2% of Germans and 84.6% of British. While the 63.6% of Germans showed beaches as a coming reason, only a 40% of British consider beaches as a reason. Price is influent in the decision for only the 26.9% of Germans, while British are more concern about prices, 45.3%. Environment and hotel quality is marked by 53.9% of Germans and by 48.3% of British. Transfer facilities (29.7%) and night atmosphere (22.5%) is more important for Germans than for British people (12.6% and 15.5% respectively). Furthermore, Cladera (2002) analyses the number of tourist who have selected the price as a rea son for choosing the Balearics differentiating by first-time tourists and loyal ones. Cladera conclude that the 34.6% of first-time German tourists and the 45.5% of first-time British tourists consider the price one of the reasons of visiting the Islands, whilst only a 20.2% of loyal German tourist and the 43.1% of loyal British tourist. This figures show the relative less importance of price as a reason of spending the holidays in the Balearic Islands as much the Islands are visited. After this analysis we are able to answer the question: tourist who visit the Islands are mostly loyal tourists and the main reason for choosing the Islands is not the price, although British people are more sensitive to prices than German people. CONCLUSIONS This paper has had two main objectives: 1) Examine the influence on the package tour prices of the identity of the tour operator. 2) Determine the role that hotel chains play on the determination of the prices. These have been studied through the price structure of tourist packages in the Balearic Islands offered by a representative sample of German and British tour operators. The conclusions reach after the analysis permit us to state in connection with hypothesis 1 that: 1) the differences in price between tour operators are due to the different strategies that tour operators follow to gain market share, 2) large tour operators have market power both in origins and in the Balearic Islands and 3) The type of tourist who visit the Island succeed in increasing mark up both to tour operators and hoteliers. We really believe that large European tour operators have market power both in origin and in destination markets, although the strategies of each tourist group can make the market seem competitive. Debbage (1990) also consider this when argued that the suppliers are potentially able to reap the advantages of their oligopolistic and oligopsonistic power to the detriment of consumers and destinations. Relative to hypothesis 2 we can conclude that the fact that a hotel belongs or not to a hotel chain is not appreciared by fixing higher prices in the brochures, that could show a great negotiation power towards tour operator. However, the obtained results reveal that offers in hotels that have any kind of agreement with the tour operator are in mean cheaper. That results permit us to conclude that hotel chains are more concerned in high occupancy rates than in high prices per room. It could be interesting in future research to complement or contrast the methodology used here with alternative approaches to confirm the results reported in this paper. ANNEX Figure 1: Package tour prices for offers in a double room with half board in a three stars hotel by German tour operators Figure 2: Package tour price for offers in a double room with half board in a three stars hotel by British tour operators Figure 3: British tour operators’ dispersion graph by star rating and type of board Figure 4: German tour operators’ dispersion graph by star rating and type of board BIBLIOGRAPHY AGUILÓ, P.M, J. ALEGRE y A. RIERA (2001) â€Å"Determinants of the Price of German Tourist Packages on the island of Mallorca†. Tourism Economics, vol.7, issue 1, pp.59-74. BARDOLET, E. (1990) â€Å"Demanda Turà ­stica y Marketing Turà ­stico†. Papeles de Economà ­a Espaà ±ola, vol. Baleares, pp. 219-230. BAUM, T. y R. MUDAMBI (1994) â€Å"A Ricardian analysis of the fully inclusive Tour Industry†. The Services Industries Journal, vol.14, n º1, pp. 85-93. CLADERA (2002) â€Å"Anà ¡lisis de la evolucià ³n temporal de las caracterà ­sticas del turismo y del gasto turà ­stico en las Islas Baleares a partir de la Encuesta de Gasto Turà ­stico (1989-2000)†. MIMEO. CURTIN, S y G. BUSBY (1999) â€Å"Sustainable Destination Development: the Tour Operator Perspective†. International Journal of Tourism Research, vol. 1, pp.135-147. DAVIES, B. y P. DOWNWARD (1998) â€Å"Competition and Contestability in the U.K. Package Tour Industry: some Empi rical Observations†. Working Paper 98.3. DAVIES, B. y P. DOWNWARD (2000) â€Å"Industrial Organization and Competition in the UK Tour Operator/Travel Agency Business, 1989-93: an Econometric Investigation†. Working Paper n º 2000.3. DEBBAGE, K. G. (1990) â€Å"Oligopoly and the Resort Cycle in the Bahamas†. Annals of Tourism Research, vol.17, pp. 513-527. DOXA Y SUBDIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE PLANIFICACIÓN Y PROSPECTIVA TURà STICA (1989) â€Å"Concentracià ³n y Asociacionismo Empresarial en el Sector Turà ­stico. Documento de Sintesis†. Estudios Turà ­sticos, vol.103, n º9, pp. 3-33. DUNNING, J. H. y McQUEEN, M. (1982) â€Å"Multinational Corporations in the International Hotel Industry†. Annals of Tourism Research, vol.9, pp. 69-90. EVANS, N.G. y M.J. STABLER (1995) â€Å"A Future for the Package Tour Operator in the 21st century?†. Tourism Economics, vol.1, 3, pp. 245-263. FITCH, A. (1987) â€Å"Tour Operators in the UK. Survey of the Industry, its markets and product diversification†. Travel and Tourism Analyst, March, pp. 29-43. FVW (anual) â€Å"Europà ¤ische Veranstalter in Zahlen, dokumentation 1993-2000†. GRATTON, C. y G. RICHARDS (1997) â€Å"Structural change in the European Package Tour Industry: UK/German comparisons†. Tourism Economics, vol.3, 3, pp. 213-226. PAPATHEODOROU, A. (2001) â€Å"Why People Travel to different places†. Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 28, n º 1, pp. 164-179. SHELDON, P.J. (1986) â€Å"The Tour Opera tor Industry. An Analysis†. Annals of Tourism Research, vol.13, pp. 349-365. SINCLAIR, M.T., A. CLEWER y A. PACK (1990) â€Å"Hedonic prices and the Marketing of Package Holidays: the case of Tourism resorts in Malaga†. In Marketing Tourism Places. Ashworth, G.J. and Goodall, B., eds, pp. 85-103. London: Routledge. TAYLOR, P. (1995) â€Å"Measuring Changes in the Relative Competitiveness of Package Tour Destinations†. Tourism Economics, vol.1, 2, pp. 169-182. TAYLOR, P. (1996) â€Å"Oligopoly or Contestable Markets in the UK Package Tour Industry?†. The Service Industries Journal, vol. 16, pp. 379-388. TRAVEL AND TOURISM INTELLIGENCE (2000) â€Å"The European Leisure Travel Industry†. London: Travel and Tourism Intelligence. WILLIAMS, A.M. (1996) â€Å"Mass Tourism and International Tour Companies†. In Tourism in Spain-Critical Issues. Barke,M. , Tonner,J. and Newton,M.T.,eds, pp. 119-135. Wallingford: CAB International. ———————– END NOTES [i] Los tres profesores son miembros del Departament d’Economia i Empresa de la Universitat de les Illes Balears. [ii] Govern de les Illes Balears (2000) â€Å"El turisme a les Illes Balears, dades informatives, any 2000†. [iii] Terramar, Spanien und Portugal; Neckermann, Young and Sport; Neckermann, Flugreisen; Neckermann, Family; Condor Individuell; Air Marin, Spanien und Portugal; Fischer Reisen, Flugreisen; Kreutzer; Bucher Reisen; Smile anf Fly; Jahn Reisen; Maris Reisen; THR Tours, Jet and Bett; THR Tours, Urlaub Mal Anders; Tjaerborg; FTI; FTI, Preis Pardise; ITS, Spanien und Portugal; DER, Der Sonnenseiten; Alltours, Flugreisen; 1,2 Fly; TUI Schà ¶nen Ferien; TUI Schà ¶nen Ferien Free World; Ãâ€"ger Tours,Sommer 2000; Club Blaues Meer Reisen, Mallorca; Shauinseland Reisen, Belearen; Niag Reisen, Mallorca; Phoenix, Flugreisen Sommer 2000; Airtours, Summer Sun; Archers Direct, Summer Sun; Price Beaters; Cosmos, Summer Sun; JMC, Summer Sun; JMC, Select; JMC, Ess entials; Club 18-30; Skytours; Thomson, Summer Sun; Thomson, Small and Friendly; Thomson a la Carte; Club Freestyle; Portland Direct; Just; Virgin, Summer Sun; Sovereign, Summer Sun; First Choice, Summer Sun; Eclipse, Summer Sun; 2wentys. [iv] Sinclair et al (1990) point out that hotel rating is a gut indicator of the services and facilities that the hotel offers. [v] Conselleria de Turisme (2000) [vi] Govern de les Illes Balears (1999) â€Å"El turisme a les Illes Balears, dades informatives, any 1999†. [vii] In each of the boxes, the central line indicates the median of the distribution, while the height of the box represents the inter-quartile range, the area is proportional to the frequency of observations. The feet extend (at most) up to 1.5 times the inter-quartile range, aiding the detection of observed extremes (marked as circles).